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#Locale

Examples use Indian conventions: ₹ amounts, IST, dd/mm/yyyy, Aadhaar and DPDP Act where a standard mentions identity or privacy law. Keep them when you copy an example.

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#Purpose

Rules for running an application on Vercel. The platform removes most deployment work; what remains is the set of constraints its execution model imposes — statelessness, cold starts, connection limits, and a build step that inlines values you may not want inlined.

Framework specifics are Backend/nextjs and Frontend/nextjs.

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#Environment variables: build-time versus runtime

• Never prefix a secret with NEXT_PUBLIC_. It is inlined into JavaScript served to every visitor, and rotating it requires a rebuild.
• NEXT_PUBLIC_* values are captured at build time. Changing one in the dashboard does nothing until a redeploy — a recurring source of "I changed it and nothing happened".
• Scope variables per environment (Production, Preview, Development). A preview deployment holding production credentials means every pull request can write to production.
• Validate all variables at startup and fail the build or boot on a missing one. → DevOps/environments

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#Serverless constraints

Every request may hit a cold instance. There is no shared process state.

Database connections are the classic failure. Each concurrent function instance opens its own connection, and a traffic spike exhausts max_connections in seconds:

ini
DATABASE_URL="postgres://…/db?pgbouncer=true&connection_limit=1&pool_timeout=20"
DIRECT_URL="postgres://…/db"     # migrations bypass the pooler

Use a transaction-mode pooler (PgBouncer, Supavisor, Neon or Prisma Accelerate), instantiate the client once at module scope, and never inside a handler. → Database/prisma

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#Node runtime or Edge runtime

ts
export const runtime = "nodejs";     // declare it; do not rely on the default

Edge suits middleware, redirects, geolocation, header rewriting and auth checks. Anything using a database driver, a Node built-in, or a large dependency belongs on Node.

Place functions in the region nearest the database. An edge function in Sydney querying a database in Frankfurt pays that round trip on every query — edge compute helps only when the data is also close.

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#Caching and revalidation

• Static and ISR pages are served from the edge; dynamic ones execute per request. Read the next build output and confirm each route's mode is what you intended. A personalised route rendered statically is a data-leak bug, not a performance note.
• Use revalidateTag/revalidatePath after mutations; stale content after a successful write is what users report as "it didn't save".
• Set Cache-Control: no-store on authenticated responses. A cached authenticated response served to another visitor is the worst failure mode here.
• Static assets are content-hashed and cached immutably by the platform — do not fight it with custom headers.

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#Previews, protection and cost

• Every pull request gets a preview deployment. Treat them as publicly reachable unless protected: enable Deployment Protection (Vercel Authentication or a password) for anything containing real data.
• Give previews their own database, or a seeded branch database. Pointing previews at production means an untested migration runs against real data.
• Deployments are immutable, so rollback is instant: promote a previous deployment rather than redeploying. → DevOps/rollback
• Cost drivers, in order: function invocation and duration, edge middleware running on every request including assets, image optimisation on uncontrolled sources, and bandwidth.
  • Scope middleware.ts with a tight matcher — an unscoped middleware runs on every asset request and is frequently the largest single line item.
  • Restrict next/image remotePatterns to domains you control; an open configuration is an open image-optimisation proxy.
  • Set spend limits and usage alerts.

ts
// middleware.ts — an unscoped matcher runs on every asset request.
// This one runs on pages only, and is frequently a 10× cost difference.
export const config = {
  matcher: ["/((?!_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico|.*\\.(?:png|jpg|svg|woff2)$).*)"],
};

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#Anti-patterns

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#Checklist

• Verify: No secret is exposed through a NEXT_PUBLIC_ variable
• Verify: Build-time inlining of public variables is understood; changes trigger redeploys
• Verify: Environment variables are scoped per environment
• Verify: Preview deployments use non-production credentials and data
• Verify: Environment variables are validated at startup
• Verify: One module-scope database client behind a transaction-mode pooler
• Verify: Migrations use a direct, unpooled connection
• Verify: No in-memory cache, rate limiter or session state is relied upon
• Verify: Post-response work uses waitUntil or a queue
• Verify: Long-running work runs as a background job
• Verify: Nothing writes to the filesystem outside /tmp
• Verify: Runtime (nodejs/edge) is declared per route
• Verify: Functions are co-located with the database region
• Verify: next build output is reviewed; no personalised route is static
• Verify: Authenticated responses set no-store
• Verify: Mutations trigger revalidation
• Verify: middleware.ts has a tight matcher
• Verify: next/image remotePatterns are restricted to controlled domains
• Verify: Preview deployments are protected
• Verify: Spend limits and usage alerts are configured