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#Locale

Examples use Indian conventions: ₹ amounts, IST, dd/mm/yyyy, Aadhaar and DPDP Act where a standard mentions identity or privacy law. Keep them when you copy an example.

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#Purpose

Rules for putting Cloudflare in front of an application, and for running code at its edge. Three jobs, in descending order of value:

1. Caching — serve static assets from the edge and never touch the origin.
2. Protection — absorb volumetric attacks and block abuse before it costs you.
3. Compute — Workers for logic that belongs at the edge, not for everything.

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#Proxying and origin protection

A proxied (orange-cloud) record hides the origin IP. A grey-cloud record publishes it, and an attacker who knows it bypasses every protection you configured.

• Proxy every public hostname. Audit for grey-cloud records — a legacy direct. or origin. record is the standard way the origin IP leaks.
• Lock the origin down so it only accepts Cloudflare traffic. Otherwise the WAF and rate limits are optional from an attacker's point of view:
  • Allow only Cloudflare IP ranges at the firewall, or
  • Use Cloudflare Tunnel (cloudflared) so the origin has no inbound ports at all — the stronger option, and it removes IP-range maintenance.
• Authenticated Origin Pulls (mTLS) so the origin can verify the request came from your Cloudflare account, not just from Cloudflare.
• SSL mode Full (strict). Flexible means Cloudflare talks plaintext HTTP to your origin while showing users a padlock — it is unencrypted transport with a misleading indicator.

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#Caching: the defaults cache almost nothing

By default Cloudflare caches a list of static file extensions and nothing with a query string or a cookie. Most applications therefore see a low hit ratio and conclude the CDN is not helping.

sql
# Cache rule: hashed assets, cached hard, everywhere
When  URI Path matches ^/(assets|_next/static)/
Then  Cache eligibility: Eligible
      Edge TTL: 1 year   Browser TTL: 1 year

Set the origin headers to match:

arduino
Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable      # content-hashed assets
Cache-Control: public, max-age=0, s-maxage=300, stale-while-revalidate=86400   # HTML
Cache-Control: private, no-store                        # authenticated responses

Rules that matter:

• s-maxage controls the CDN; max-age controls the browser. HTML usually wants a short shared TTL and no browser cache, so a deploy is visible immediately.
• Never cache an authenticated response. One user's page served to another is the highest-impact CDN bug there is, and it is entirely a Cache-Control mistake. → API/api-security
• Vary on any header that changes the response, but avoid Vary: Cookie — it fragments the cache per user and effectively disables it.
• Purge by tag or URL on deploy, never purge everything: a full purge sends every request to the origin at once.
• Tiered Cache reduces origin load; Cache Reserve helps for large, rarely-changing objects.

Measure the hit ratio. Below ~80% on static assets means the rules are wrong, not that caching does not apply.

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#WAF, bots and rate limiting

• Enable the managed WAF rulesets, then watch the logs before enforcing. Shipping a ruleset straight to block will break a legitimate integration whose payload looks like an attack.
• Rate limit at the edge for volumetric abuse — a request blocked here costs you nothing. Keep application-level limits too, for per-account quotas the edge cannot see. → API/rate-limiting
• Bot Fight Mode and challenges interact badly with API clients and webhooks: exempt /api/* and known partner paths, or expect a support ticket.
• Never rely on a Cloudflare-added header for authorization decisions unless the origin is locked to Cloudflare — otherwise a direct request forges it. This applies to CF-Connecting-IP, CF-IPCountry and Access JWTs.
• Take the client IP from CF-Connecting-IP, not the leftmost X-Forwarded-For, which is client-controlled.
• Cloudflare Access for internal tools: identity-aware proxy in front of the origin, so there is no public admin panel at all.

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#Workers: know the constraints

• Workers suit routing, header rewriting, auth checks, A/B assignment, and personalisation at the edge. They do not suit image processing or anything CPU-heavy.
• Storage: KV for read-heavy, eventually-consistent data; Durable Objects for strongly-consistent coordination; D1 for relational; R2 for objects, with no egress fees.
• Secrets via wrangler secret put, never in wrangler.toml — which is committed.
• Version and roll back deployments (wrangler versions), and use gradual deployments for risky changes. → DevOps/rollback

toml
# wrangler.toml — bindings, not secrets. Secrets go in `wrangler secret put`.
name = "edge-router"
main = "src/index.ts"
compatibility_date = "2026-08-01"
compatibility_flags = ["nodejs_compat"]

[[kv_namespaces]]
binding = "CONFIG"
id = "…"

[[durable_objects.bindings]]
name = "RATE_LIMITER"
class_name = "RateLimiter"

[observability]
enabled = true

• No global mutable state across requests: isolates are recycled unpredictably, so a module-scope cache is neither reliable nor per-user-safe.

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#Anti-patterns

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#Checklist

• Verify: Every public hostname is proxied; no grey-cloud records remain
• Verify: The origin accepts traffic only from Cloudflare, or has no inbound ports
• Verify: Authenticated Origin Pulls are enabled
• Verify: SSL mode is Full (strict) end to end
• Verify: Cache rules explicitly cover static assets and HTML
• Verify: Origin Cache-Control distinguishes max-age from s-maxage
• Verify: Authenticated responses are never cacheable
• Verify: Vary is minimal and never varies on cookies
• Verify: Deploys purge by tag or URL, not globally
• Verify: Cache hit ratio is monitored and alerted on
• Verify: WAF rulesets ran in log-only mode before enforcement
• Verify: Edge rate limiting complements, not replaces, application limits
• Verify: Bot protection exempts API and webhook paths
• Verify: Client IP is read from CF-Connecting-IP
• Verify: No authorization decision trusts a CF-* header on an unlocked origin
• Verify: Internal tools sit behind Cloudflare Access
• Verify: Worker CPU, memory and subrequest limits are understood and respected
• Verify: Worker storage choice matches the consistency requirement
• Verify: Worker secrets are set with wrangler secret, not committed
• Verify: Worker deployments are versioned and rollable