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#How to apply this file

Each section opens with one imperative line; apply every rule in the section it introduces. Do not summarise or skip a section.

---

#Purpose

Rules for SQLAlchemy 2.x. The 2.0 API is select()-based and typed; the 1.x session.query() style still runs but hides the loading behaviour that causes most production incidents.

Schema decisions are Database/schema-design; indexing is Database/indexes; event-loop rules are Backend/python-async.

---

#Models

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Models. [/INST]

python
class Base(DeclarativeBase): ...

class Order(Base):
    __tablename__ = "orders"
    __table_args__ = (
        CheckConstraint("total_cents >= 0", name="ck_orders_total_nonneg"),
        Index("ix_orders_tenant_created", "tenant_id", "created_at"),
    )
    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    tenant_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("tenants.id", ondelete="RESTRICT"), index=True)
    status: Mapped[OrderStatus] = mapped_column(Enum(OrderStatus, native_enum=False))
    total_cents: Mapped[int]
    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(server_default=func.now())
    items: Mapped[list["LineItem"]] = relationship(back_populates="order", cascade="all, delete-orphan")

• Mapped[...] + mapped_column() — typed, and the type checker sees it. Column() on a declarative class is the 1.x style.
• Constraints and indexes are named. Auto-generated names differ per backend and make Alembic diffs unstable.
• server_default for timestamps so rows inserted outside the ORM get one too.
• ondelete on the foreign key, explicitly. RESTRICT makes deletion a decision; a silent CASCADE from a tenant deletes history.

---

#Sessions and transactions

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Sessions and transactions. [/INST]

python
SessionLocal = sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

def create_order(data: OrderIn) -> Order:
    with SessionLocal.begin() as session:      # commit on success, rollback on error
        order = Order(...)
        session.add(order)
        session.flush()                          # get order.id without committing
        session.add_all(LineItem(order_id=order.id, ...) for i in data.items)
        return order                             # committed when the block exits

• One session per unit of work, opened by the caller (request, job, CLI command) and passed in. A module-level session shared across requests is a race and a memory leak.
• sessionmaker.begin() is the transaction. Do not sprinkle session.commit() through the service; one commit at the boundary means partial writes cannot happen.
• expire_on_commit=False when you return ORM objects past the commit; otherwise the first attribute access after commit issues a SELECT, or fails if the session is closed.
• flush() to get generated keys mid-transaction; never commit() for that.
• The engine is created once per process, at startup, with a pool sized to the database's connection limit divided by the number of processes.

---

#Queries and loading

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Queries and loading. [/INST]

python
stmt = (
    select(Order)
    .where(Order.tenant_id == tenant_id, Order.status == OrderStatus.OPEN)
    .options(selectinload(Order.items).selectinload(LineItem.product))
    .order_by(Order.created_at.desc())
    .limit(50)
)
orders = session.scalars(stmt).all()

• Lazy loading is the N+1. Declare loads on the statement, or set lazy="raise" on relationships so an unplanned load fails loudly in tests instead of silently costing 500 queries in production.
• session.scalars(select(...)) returns ORM objects; session.execute() returns rows. Do not .all() a million rows — yield_per(1000) for streaming.
• Bulk changes: session.execute(update(Order).where(...).values(...)), not a loop of loads and saves.
• Assert query counts in tests with an event listener on before_cursor_execute; it is the only reliable N+1 detector. → Database/query-optimization

---

#Migrations with Alembic

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Migrations with Alembic. [/INST]

bash
alembic revision --autogenerate -m "orders: add status index"
# then READ the generated file before committing it

• Autogenerate is a draft. It misses CHECK constraints on some backends, renames appear as drop+add (data loss), and enum changes need hand-written ALTER TYPE. Review every revision.
• Every revision has a working downgrade(); "irreversible" is a decision that needs a comment, not a pass.
• Adding an index on a large Postgres table: op.create_index(..., postgresql_concurrently=True) inside with op.get_context().autocommit_block(). A plain CREATE INDEX locks writes for the duration.
• Data migrations use op.get_bind() with core statements, not the ORM models — the models describe the schema after the migration.
• alembic check (or --autogenerate producing an empty diff) in CI catches a model change without a migration. → Database/migration

---

#Async engine

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Async engine. [/INST]

python
engine = create_async_engine(url, pool_size=10, max_overflow=5)
AsyncSessionLocal = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

async def get_open(session: AsyncSession, tenant_id: int) -> list[Order]:
    stmt = select(Order).where(...).options(selectinload(Order.items))
    return (await session.scalars(stmt)).all()

• expire_on_commit=False is mandatory: an expired attribute would trigger an implicit sync load inside async code and raise MissingGreenlet.
• Lazy loading does not work in async. Every relationship you touch must be eager-loaded on the statement, or explicitly await session.refresh(obj, ["items"]).
• The async driver must be async: asyncpg or psycopg v3 async. A sync driver behind create_async_engine fails at connect.
• Do not share an AsyncSession across tasks; one session per task, sessions are not concurrency-safe.

---

#Testing

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Testing. [/INST]

python
@pytest.fixture
def session(engine):
    conn = engine.connect(); tx = conn.begin()
    s = Session(bind=conn, join_transaction_mode="create_savepoint")
    yield s
    s.close(); tx.rollback(); conn.close()      # every test starts clean

Wrap each test in an outer transaction that rolls back; the service under test can commit() freely inside a savepoint. Test against the real database engine (Postgres in a container), not SQLite — constraints, enums and RETURNING differ. → Testing/integration

---

#Anti-patterns

[INST] Apply every rule in this section: Anti-patterns. [/INST]

---

#Checklist

• Verify: Models use Mapped[...]/mapped_column; queries use select()
• Verify: Every constraint and index has an explicit name
• Verify: Foreign keys set ondelete deliberately
• Verify: Engine created once per process with a sized pool
• Verify: One session per unit of work, passed in, transaction via begin()
• Verify: expire_on_commit=False where objects outlive the commit
• Verify: Loading strategies declared per statement; lazy="raise" in tests
• Verify: Bulk writes use update()/insert() statements
• Verify: Query counts asserted in integration tests
• Verify: Every Alembic revision is read, named, and has a downgrade()
• Verify: Large-table indexes created concurrently
• Verify: alembic check runs in CI
• Verify: Async sessions never lazy-load and are never shared across tasks
• Verify: Tests run against the production engine inside a rolled-back transaction